在线观看人与动牲交视频_夜夜高潮次次欢爽AV女_奇米在线视频观看_欧美精品七区_色悠久久综合网_少妇潮喷无码白浆水视频

美國Advanced Targeting Systems (ATS)  
Advanced Targeting Systems(ATS)是位于加州圣地亞哥的一家生物技術公司，主要生產用于科研和藥物開發的靶試劑（targeting reagents）。ATS關于疼痛和藥物轉運的研究及臨床治療的兩個產品已獲專利保護。ATS公司主要進行神經系統研究產品的開發和銷售。目前公司可提供用于神經系統功能機制及相關疾病研究的靶毒素，抗體。

ATS公司產品的基礎技術并不局限于神經領域，同樣可應用于當今的醫藥研究。ATS正在與全世界的著名科學家加強戰略合作，不斷開發和擴大產品線。

歷史：
ATS公司于1994年8月成立，發起人Douglas Lappi，Ph.D和Ronald Wiley，M.D.，Ph.D.在實驗室開發出先進的分子神經外科學的研究技術。

分子神經外科學對目前世界神經學最廣泛使用技術做了改進：借助特異性細胞毒素，通過外科學手段和效果觀察，從而損傷某一區域。這一尖端技術使所有神經學家獲得方便，公司首批產品192-Saporin也進入了世界上最好的神經學實驗室。

現狀：
ATS倡導使用靶毒素，提供特異損傷性試劑，“二抗免疫毒素”，以神經內分泌抗體。1997年，公司開發出SP-SAP，這一試劑能作用于特定的疼覺傳導神經元，從而阻斷慢性疼痛，對正常的疼覺敏感并不受影響。這一試劑在神經學界引起了轟動效應，同其第二代試劑一起獲得專利保護，并用于慢性疼痛的治療。

前景：
ATS的靶技術有廣闊的應用前景，作用于神經元表面抗原的單抗處于開發的初期，隨著時間的推移，公司會推出更好的靶試劑，將為分子神經外科學，心血管生理學和藥理學等學科提供殺滅細胞的先進工具。

目前產品包括：
·靶毒素，二抗生物素
·抗體：神經元抗體，神經遞質抗體，其他抗體
·蛋白質和熒光偶聯物
·免疫毒素對照

靶技術概述
·根據細胞類型選擇特異抗體，可用生長因子，多肽，配體或細胞因子。
·Saporin是潛在的細胞毒素，作為細胞的致死因子可安全用于實驗室。
·ATS將它們整合成強效的靶試劑。
·靶試劑注入細胞(in vivo or in vitro)。
·Saporin偶聯物與細胞表面靶受體結合。
·無靶受體的細胞不受影響。
·Saporin偶聯物進入細內并與抗體脫離。
·Saporin使核糖體失活，目標細胞死亡

192-Saporin概述：

192-Saporin作為免疫毒素，在靜脈注射后幾乎可使LNGFR (p75NTR)陽性細胞全部消失，因而成為研究者強大的損傷工具，比化學試劑、操作或電解損傷更特異、更有效。殺滅特定類型細胞

192-Saporin直接對只在前腦膽堿能神經原高水平表達的細胞表面抗原作用，p75NTR在鄰近的非膽堿能神經并不表達。192-Saporin特異作用于：
·前腦膽堿能神經原
·Medial septum
·Diagonal band of Broca
·Nucleus basalis of Meynert
·小腦的浦肯野細胞

功能研究的有效工具
192-Saporin可永久而選擇性地清除前腦膽堿能神經原，因此可產生下列用途的重要動物模型：
·行為 (前腦膽堿能神經原)
·神經退化（Alzheimer's 病等）
·系統缺失的可塑性
·替代治療
·藥效和藥物依賴性研究

Advanced Targeting Systems (ATS) is a San Diego-based biotechnology company dedicated to providing quality targeting reagents for scientific research and pharmaceutical development. ATS has applied for patent protection on two of its products for research and therapeutic applications in pain and drug delivery.

For the past ten years, ATS has primarily focused on the development and sale of products for the Neuroscience research community. The Company's current product line includes targeted toxins, antibodies and custom services designed to assist neuroscientists in the study of nervous system function, brain-related diseases and disorders.

The technology that provides the foundation for the Company's products has a broad spectrum of applications, not only in the field of Neuroscience, but in virtually every medical and pharmaceutical research field in practice today. ATS is continuing to develop and expand the existing product line through strategic scientific collaborations with top scientists throughout the world.

History
Advanced Targeting Systems was founded in April of 1994 to concentrate production efforts that had been developed and refined by Douglas Lappi, Ph.D. (President and Chief Scientific Officer) and Ronald Wiley, M.D., Ph.D. (Scientific Advisor) in their academic laboratories. Together, they developed a powerful neuroscience technique which the Company has termed Molecular Neurosurgery.

Molecular Neurosurgery is a modification of one of the most widely used techniques in the Neurosciences: lesioning of a region by surgical means and observation of the effect. All neuroscientists recognize and are comfortable with this concept, and Lappi and Wiley were able to present a new method of molecular lesioning by means of a specific cytotoxin. Because of this, 192-IgG-SAP, one of Advanced Targeting Systems' first products for market, is in use in the finest Neuroscience laboratories worldwide.

Product Focus
Advanced Targeting Systems pioneered the use of targeted toxins. These products include specific lesioning agents for cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons, macrophages and microglia and a pan-neuronal agent that strikes an epitope expressed on all neurons. In addition, ATS produces and sells "second immunotoxins" (or "secondary conjugates") which allow users to convert their own targeting agents into specific cytotoxic tools. The Company also sells neuronal and neuroendocrine antibodies.

Pharmaceutical Applications
In 1997, the Company created SP-SAP. This reagent eliminates specific pain transmission neurons that propagate the signal for chronic pain, but it has no effect on normal pain sensitivity, which continues to function normally. The ability to separate chronic pain transmission from normal pain transmission, and the ablation of the former, created great excitement in the scientific community. Advanced Targeting Systems has been granted patent protection for this molecule, the second generation reagents, and has patents pending for the uses of these molecules for treatment of chronic pain. A wide variety of other molecules for the study and treatment of pain are in development.

The Future
Advanced Targeting Systems' targeting techniques result in a broad and enabling technology. The characterization of monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens of neurons is in the early stages of development. This is one of the base materials for the technology of Advanced Targeting Systems and, as time goes on, new, improved reagents will be introduced that can be used as targeting agents. The introduction of the first line of reagents provided a structure for the commercialization of an entire line of innovative, new tools for Molecular Neurosurgery, vascular biology, pharmaceutical development and many other applications that would be enhanced by the elimination of cells.